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Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen / Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects + Mikkelsen Architects + STED. © Sjavit Maestro

綠色療法：大自然如何治愈病人？
Green Therapy: How Does Nature Contribute to Healing Hospitalized Patients?

由專筑網Zia，小R編譯

近年來，與自然的聯系在建筑理論和實踐中變得越來越重要，特別是在 COVID-19 大流行之后，人們更加重視自然環境在治療中的作用。在此期間，許多科學研究都強調了綠色空間對人類健康的積極影響，無論是在工作場所、家庭還是城市地區，有了這些已被證實的好處，在醫院設計中融入自然元素顯然是至關重要的，這樣可以為病人提供重要的支持空間。

盡管這一話題如今越來越受到關注，但大自然有助于病人康復的理念在醫學界并不陌生。縱觀歷史，各種文化都認識到了綠色空間與治療之間的聯系，從中國道教的庭院和苗圃，到中世紀歐洲修道院的療養花園，這些皆對健康有益。然而隨著科技的發展，自然與治療之間的聯系逐漸弱化，醫院中的花園也變得不那么受重視。隨著越來越多的科學研究證實了大自然對治療的益處，醫院的設計也重新融入綠色空間，恢復這種對病人健康至關重要的要素。

Connection with nature has become increasingly important in architectural theory and practice in recent years, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic, which emphasized the role of natural environments in healing. During this time, many scientific studies highlighted the positive effects of green spaces on human well-being, whether in workplaces, homes, or urban areas. With these proven benefits, it is clear that incorporating natural elements into hospital designs is crucial, creating spaces that provide vital support for patients facing physical or mental challenges.
Although the topic is gaining more attention today, the idea that nature aids patient recovery is not new to medicine. Throughout history, various cultures have recognized the link between green spaces and healing—from the Taoist Chinese, who created gardens and greenhouses for their believed health benefits, to the therapeutic gardens of European monasteries in the Middle Ages. However, as technology advanced, the connection between nature and healing gradually lost prominence, and gardens in hospital settings became less valued. With the rise of scientific studies confirming the therapeutic benefits of nature, hospitals are now reintegrating green spaces into their designs, reviving this crucial relationship for patient well-being.

Maggie’s Oldham / dRMM. © Tony Barwel

1984年，環境心理學家羅杰·烏爾里希在《科學》雜志上發表了一篇重要文章，這篇文章以 “透過窗戶看風景可能會影響術后恢復”為題，首次使用現代醫學研究的嚴格標準——精確的實驗控制和可測量的健康結果來證明，只需看看花園就能加快術后疾病的恢復。烏爾里希和他的團隊分析了賓夕法尼亞州一家醫院膽囊手術康復病人的醫療記錄，結果發現，病房窗外若有綠植，那么病人的康復時間也相對快一些，能看到大自然景色的病人所需的止痛藥也更少，術后并發癥出現的頻率也更低。

烏爾里希的開創性研究發表40年后，進一步的研究繼續以新的證據支持他1984年的發現。例如，2021 年發表在《國際環境公共研究雜志》上的一項研究顯示，觀看自然不僅能減少悲傷和焦慮等負面情緒，還能通過減少疼痛、呼吸急促和疲勞來改善臨床療效。研究表明，大自然的治療效果主要來自兩個機制：第一，觀賞自然會將注意力從疼痛上轉移；第二，欣賞自然美景會觸發神經遞質的釋放，從而提高幸福感。

An essential article, led by environmental psychologist Roger Ulrich, was published in Science magazine in 1984. Titled 'View Through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery,' it was the first to use the strict standards of modern medical research — with precise experimental controls and measurable health outcomes — to show that simply looking at a garden can speed up recovery from surgeries, infections, and other illnesses. Ulrich and his team analyzed the medical records of patients recovering from gallbladder surgery at a hospital in Pennsylvania. The findings revealed that patients with windows facing trees recovered, on average, one day faster than those whose windows faced a brick wall. Those with a view of nature also needed fewer painkillers and experienced fewer post-surgery complications.
Forty years after Ulrich's pioneering study, further research has continued to support his 1984 findings with new evidence. For example, a study published in the International Journal of Environment Public Research in 2021 revealed that viewing nature images not only reduces negative emotions like sadness and anxiety but also improves clinical outcomes by decreasing pain, shortness of breath, and fatigue. The research suggests that nature's healing effects come from two main mechanisms: First, viewing nature shifts attention away from pain. Second, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters that boost well-being through the enjoyment of natural beauty.

Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen / Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects + Mikkelsen Architects + STED. © Rasmus Hjortshøj

盡管大自然的鎮靜和振奮作用已得到廣泛認可，但科學研究對于指導醫院環境的設計決策非常重要。除了提供怡人的景色之外，景觀區域的治療效果還應包括互動元素。“療養花園”可以幫助病人獲得獨立感，促進社交互動，提供體育鍛煉的機會，并使注意力自然地轉移。

同樣支持這一理念，《療養花園： 治療效果和設計建議》為醫院綠地的設計提供了重要指導。研究強調，要為輪椅使用者等殘障人士提供便捷的通道和清晰的標識。研究還強調了安全性，建議使用扶手和無障礙的表面。長凳和椅子等家具應舒適且可移動，讓使用者可以選擇自己的座位。此外，花園應該更加直觀，這樣每個人，包括行動不便的病人，都可以享受這個空間，哪怕只是躺在床上欣賞。

While the calming and uplifting effects of nature are widely recognized, scientific studies are essential for guiding design decisions in hospital environments. Beyond simply offering a pleasant view, the therapeutic benefits of landscaped areas can include interactive elements. 'Healing gardens' can help patients gain a sense of independence, promote social interaction, provide opportunities for physical activity, and offer natural distractions.
To support this idea, the publication Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations provides important guidelines for designing green spaces in hospitals. It stresses the need for easy access and clear signage for people with physical disabilities, such as wheelchair users. The study also emphasizes safety, recommending handrails and smooth surfaces. Furniture like benches and chairs should be comfortable and movable, allowing users to choose their seating. Additionally, gardens should be visible so that everyone, including patients with limited mobility, can enjoy the space, even if only by viewing it from their beds.

Dijklander Hospital Revitalization / bureau Ira Koers + Studio Roelof Mulder. © MWA Hart Nibbrig

在這種情況下，綠地越來越受到重視，并被納入醫院設計中，以改善病人和醫務人員的體驗。《治愈性花園》（Restorative Gardens）一書中重點介紹了得克薩斯醫療中心和賓夕法尼亞州友愛醫院等實例，展示了將園林景觀融入醫院設計如何有助于病人康復。同樣，麥琪中心也因其以人為本的建筑風格而聞名，其靈感來自于一個問題： “如果建筑會增加病人的焦慮，從而對他們產生負面影響，那么它是否也能擁有治療和恢復功能呢？”

In this context, green spaces are becoming more valued and integrated into hospital designs to improve the experience of both patients and medical staff. Examples like the Texas Medical Center and Friends Hospital in Pennsylvania, highlighted in the book Restorative Gardens, show how incorporating landscapes can aid in patient recovery. Similarly, the Maggie Centers are famous for their human-centered architecture, which was inspired by the question: "If architecture can negatively impact patients by increasing their anxiety, could it also be designed to be healing and restorative?"

PAMS Healthcare Hub, Newman / Kaunitz Yeung Architecture. © Robert Frith

醫院空間不應僅僅是嚴格遵循設計準則或公式，而應注重以人為本的方法，在病人最脆弱的時刻為他們提供支持和安慰，擺脫這些環境中往往缺乏人情味的氛圍。在這種情況下，整合綠色空間尤其有益。綠地雖然不是一個完整的解決方案，但已被證明對病人的康復有很大幫助，可以緩解病情，創造一個更有療效的環境。

Rather than sticking strictly to design guidelines or formulas, hospital spaces should focus on a human-centered approach that supports and comforts patients during their most vulnerable moments, moving away from the often impersonal atmosphere of these environments. Integrating green spaces is particularly beneficial in this context. While not a complete solution, green spaces have been shown to significantly aid patients in their recovery, offering relief and creating a more healing environment.

Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen / Vilhelm Lauritzen Architects + Mikkelsen Architects + STED. © Sjavit Maestro

Maggie's Cancer Centre Manchester / Foster + Partners © Nigel Young / Foster + Partners

Maggie’s Leeds Centre / Heatherwick Studio © Hufton+Crow

Dijklander Hospital Revitalization / bureau Ira Koers + Studio Roelof Mulder. © MWA Hart Nibbrig

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